A member of the Masked AMHP Facebook Mental Health Forum
recently posted about a situation in which a hospital psychiatrist had objected
to an assessing AMHP concluding that it was not appropriate to detain the
patient under the MHA, and demanding that another AMHP conducted another
assessment. The issue was whether or not a psychiatrist had a right to do this.
This raises some interesting issues about what should
happen when mental health professionals involved in a MHA assessment cannot
reach agreement about what should happen with the patient.
The MHA has little to say about procedures relating to differences
of opinion, and there is little, if any, case law on the subject.
However, it must be borne in mind that the AMHP is the
professional with responsibility to making an application for detention under
Sec.2, 3 & 4 MHA.
An AMHP does not have to act on the medical
recommendations provided. By their nature, they are “recommendations”. It is at
the AMHP’s discretion whether or not to make an application based on those
recommendations.
Sec.13 (2) MHA States:
Before making an application for the admission of a
patient to hospital an approved mental health professional… [must] satisfy
himself that detention in a hospital is in all the circumstances of the case
the most appropriate way of providing the care and medical treatment of which
the patient stands in need.
The AMHP’s duty is to consider “all the circumstances”.
The Code of Practice goes on to say:
AMHPs may make an application for detention only if they have
interviewed the patient in a suitable manner,
are satisfied that the statutory criteria for detention are met, and are
satisfied that, in all the circumstances of the case, detention in hospital is
the most appropriate way of providing the care and medical treatment the
patient needs.(para14.49)
The AMHP must give due regard to the first overarching
principle when making decisions regarding the detention of people under the MHA,
which is to always go for the least restrictive option. The Code of Practice
makes it clear that “where it is possible to treat a patient safely and
lawfully without detaining them under the Act, the patient should not be
detained.” (para1.2)
Furthermore, the Code of Practice says: “There is no
obligation on an AMHP… to make an application for admission just because the
statutory criteria are met.” (para14.103)
It must be remembered that the AMHP exists as a check on
unimpeded decision making by medics. The AMHP’s role is to employ a social
perspective when making assessments of people with mental disorder.
To give an example, I recently assessed a person whose GP
wanted detained under the MHA on the grounds that they had stopped taking their
antipsychotic medication several months previously. The GP had not actually
seen the patient, as they had missed an appointment.
When I assessed the person at their own home (they
readily let us in), it became clear that there was some evidence of paranoid
delusions. However, these were not in
any way impinging on their ability to look after themselves and to live a full
and meaningful life. Neither was their reluctance to take medication having any
adverse effect on anyone else.
I declined to use the MHA, on the basis that people have
the right to be quietly mad, as long as it is not affecting themselves or
others, and it was therefore disproportionate.
Although the Code does give some advice on resolving
disagreements between professionals (para14.109 & 14.110), it does not
offer advice on what to do if any of the professionals are unwilling to accede
to a decision.
For guidance on this problem, it is necessary to turn to Richard
Jones in the Mental Health Act Manual (19th Edition). He observes:
If the AMHP decides not to make an application, it would
be improper for that decision to be reviewed by another AMHP in the absence of
any change in circumstances, fresh evidence or concern that the AMHP had acted
unprofessionally. (p117)
However, he does offer suggestions as to how such
disputes may be resolved by stating:
If the decision not to make the application was made by
an AMHP with little knowledge of the patient, there should be no objection to
that decision being reviewed by an AMHP who has an extensive knowledge of the
patient’s history and current situation. A procedure which allowed for the
automatic review of a decision of an AMHP not to make an application would
undermine the independent nature of the AMHP’s role.
Interestingly, he does not consider that an AMHP has
similar restrictions. In a situation where an AMHP is not satisfied with a
refusal by a doctor to provide a medical recommendation, he has this to say:
If a doctor who has been approached with a view to making
a medical recommendation decides not to do so on the ground that the statutory
criteria are not satisfied, there is nothing to prevent an AMHP from taking
steps to see whether another doctor might be willing to provide the
recommendation. (p114)
When it comes to consideration of Community Treatment
Orders, it seems that the AMHP still holds the upper hand.
The Reference Guide states that before a CTO can be made an
AMHP “must agree with the responsible clinician’s opinion that all the criteria
are met and agree that it is appropriate for the patient to become a CTO patient.”(para26.14)
The Code then states:
If the AMHP does not agree with the responsible clinician
that the patient should go onto a CTO, or if they do not agree with the conditions
attached to the CTO, then the CTO cannot be made. A record of the AMHP’s
decision and the full reasons for it should be kept in the patient’s notes. The
responsible clinician should not approach another AMHP for an alternative view.
(para29.25)
So it appears that a doctor’s
hands are largely tied when it comes to disagreeing with an AMHP’s decision not
to detain; but an AMHP may still persist in searching for a doctor prepared to
make a medical recommendation if the AMHP believes that the patient should be
detained under the MHA.
I believe it is still the case that if an AMHP decides not to make an application, then they should advise the nearest relative that they (the nearest relative) have the right to make an application themselves. Code of Practice 14.101
ReplyDeleteBut the Code also says: "If the nearest relative is the applicant, any AMHP and other professionals involved in the assessment of the patient should give advice and assistance. However, they should not assist in a patient’s detention unless they believe it is justified and lawful."( 17.11)
DeleteDoesn't help that many AMHP's have a very hostile view of psychiatry and see it as a triumph to undermine them.
ReplyDeleteAs a tutor on an AMHP course, who is closely involved in the training and approval of AMHPs, I would take issue with that statement. It would be unprofessional for an AMHP to "see it as a triumph to undermine them", and I would take a very dim view of an trainee AMHP who took that view.
DeleteI'm very glad you do, sadly I've come across so many AMHP's (I genuinely wish I could say this was a rare occurrence) who have a violent anti-psychiatry ethos. I'm not saying for one moment psychiatry doesn't have its flaws, but it tips too far the other way when AMHP's repeatedly ignore experienced professionals to further an agenda. Happily trainers like yourself seem to want to come down on that!
ReplyDeleteAs an experienced AMHP, I must say that I also take issue with your comments. You say AMHPs repeatedly ignore 'experienced professionals'. AMHPs are also experienced professionals who may not have a 'violent anti-psychiatry ethos' but may have a different view. I have been fortunate enough to work with some excellent doctors, but that is not to say that we don't frequently have robust conversations and sometimes completely disagree. However, I think we have enough respect for each other to value each other's opinions and remember that we may disagree, but we are all there for a common purpose, which is to try to make the most appropriate decisions for the extremely vulnerable person we are assessing.
ReplyDeleteI had 35 yrs as an independent Approved Doctor starting 1978. I had no problem with differences of opinion and on a number of occasions declined to give 2nd Medical recommendation sometimes resisting great pressure from the consultant. Likewise I had no problem when an ASW or AMHP who in the face of 2 medical recommendations felt that there was a genuine alternative to detention which should be explored and was prepared to take responsibility for that. However particualry in the early days I did meet a few ASWs of the type described by DK including one who publicly vowed that they would never accede to the detention of a patient. I am pleased to say that latterly I didn't meet anyone like that and Assessments were usually done with everyone respecting each other's opinion despite sometimes having robust conversations as described above. I have to say that as a former GP I despaired at the lack of training and knowledge of the MHA amongst some of my colleagues. I am appalled that any GP could expect a patient to be detained without having seen them or at least having made several attempts to do so . I did also try to advise colleagues that requesting an assessment was not the same as "getting the patient sectioned". Lastly of course I am sure everyone has experience of doing an assessment which didn't result in detention only to be called back to re-assess a few days later when the patients's condition has deteriorated
ReplyDelete